Our experiment, conducted on soils collected from 60 locations, showed both soil K status and increasing levels of K application significantly influenced teff yield. Some of the tested soils had pH < 5.5 showing the characteristics of a highly weathered tropical soil. Earth and Environmental Sciences (general), https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/books/abstracts/acsesspublicati/soilmanagementb/79, https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W229.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0873-x. J Potassium Res 9:233–240, Savoy H. Interpreting Mehlich 1 and 3 soil test extractant results for P and K in Tennessee. How potassium will react in the soil is reliant on a couple of things: first of all, the potassium ion is small and can be trapped inside crevices within clay particles. Potassium Fertilizers. 0000001896 00000 n A mean K concentration of 1.32% was recorded in the plants treated with 120 kg K ha−1 while 0.97% K was obtained from treatments without K application. 0000006353 00000 n Data on above ground dry matter (AGDM) and total nutrient concentration was collected from each pot. Most heavy soils in WA contain adequate amounts of natural potassium for optimal pasture and crop growth. Raymond N. Gallaher . Srinivasarao, Ch. It was calculated using available K values in samples collected from unfertilized and fertilized plots. Depending on variety and altitude, teff requires 90 to 130 days for growth [10]. Tekalign Mamo, Sheleme Beyene and Selamyihun Kidanu helped to draft the manuscript and all authors read and approved the final manuscript. 165: 578–586. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Yin XH, Vyn T (2004) Critical leaf potassium concentrations for yield and seed quality of conservation-till soybean. 1) to be used as test soils in this experiment. The soil pH values ranged from 4.7 to 8.1 with a mean of 6.2 indicating the soils are mostly acidic in reactions. The points obtained from relative biomass yield percentage and available K are divided into four quadrants by drawing parallel lines to ‘X’ and ‘Y’ axes in such a way that the maximum scattered points are in the two opposite quadrants (1 and 3). J Agric Food Chem 2:8–10, Schneider K, Anderson L (2010) Yield gap and productivity potential in Ethiopian agriculture: staple grains & pulses, Gebretsadik H, Haile M, Yamoah CF (2009) Tillage frequency, soil compaction and N-fertilizer rate effects on yield of Teff (Eragrostis Tef (Zucc) Trotter) in central zone of Tigray. At soil test levels higher than the maintenance limit, P and K fertilizer recommendations are less than crop removal. The following critical levels can be considered general guidelines in assessing the sodium permeability hazard of your irrigation water. These low values might be as result of consistence with the FAO, 2004 report[26]. The five soil K status categories differed in their K requirement to reach sufficiency. Soil Test Category Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca) 1 Mehlich-3 Soil Test Value (lbs/acre) 2,3 Below Optimum (very low) 0–24 0–40 0–45 0–615 ‘Potash’ and ‘Potassium’ Potassium is found in soil solution as the potassium ion, K +, the form that is taken up by plants.However, the potassium content of fertilisers is usually referred to and measured as ‘potash’ or K 2 O. “Even if the recommended potassium rates are followed, farmers may still have reduced yield and quality in their rice crops.” Impact on Yield and Quality. The significant interaction between soil test K and applied K levels indicate the need for developing specific K rate recommendations based on soil tests. Now, farmers should use an updated rate of 220 pounds of potassium plus five times the soil CEC for rice production, which is the same as the recommended rate for soybean production in Dunn’s area. at application of increasing levels of K. Random soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected from 60 locations having Mehlich-3 (M-3) K soil test values ranging from 16 to 910 mg kg−1 across 20 teff growing districts in the highlands of Ethiopia. This shows that the available potassium in these and nitrogen nutrients are expected fro m these findings in soils is insufficient. Potassium is taken up in large quantities by plants, is highly mobile within plant vascular systems and plays an essential role in a number of metabolic functions. Plant mobilization of reserve potassium from fifteen smectitic soils in relation to mineralogy and soil test potassium. However, field verification is required to draw sound conclusions. Mulugeta Demiss collected, analyzed and interpreted the data. In: Hailu Tefera GB, MS (ed) Narrowing Rift Tef Res Dev. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Abayneh E, Berhanu D (2006) Soil Survey in Ethiopia: the past, present and future. This is probably because the samples were collected at harvesting stage where the K concentration decreases as growing season advances [33]. Critical deficiency level of nutrients varies for different soils, crops, and environments [12, 14]. More rented land. Exchangeable Potassium 3. When separated by 85% yield horizontal line, the available K level of 210 mg kg−1 was detected as critical values of K in soils for teff. The interaction between K levels and soil test K significantly (p ≤ 0.001) affected aboveground biomass, plant height and panicle length (Table 3) indicating that soils vary in their K fertilizer requirement due to their K status as well as their inherent soil quality parameters. https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W229.pdf. This research was conducted at for financial support of the International Potash Institute (IPI), Israel Chemicals Limited (ICL) and Agricultural Transformation Agency (ATA). Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 30:2485–2487, SAS Institute Inc. (2008) SAS/STAT 9.2 User’s Guide. 0000000878 00000 n ��p��,��������z��!����D��|Z��G�(i.ԝW��!R�1e�7��% Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to identify the geographical locations of each sampling point. The critical K level is calculated by multiplying the cation exchange capacity (CEC) by 2.5 and adding 75. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 15:1409–1416, Johnston MA, Miles N, Thibaud GR, Hughes JC (1999) Quantities of potassium fertilizer required to raise soil test value. 2, Table 3). The critical value of soil exchangeable potassium (K) (mg K kg−1) is a valuable tool for an efficient K fertilization management in potato production systems. 3). To ensure that K was the only nutrient element limiting teff production, optimum and uniform doses of N, P, S and Zn were applied at the rates of 120, 60, 15 and 3 kg ha−1 respectively, as NPSZn compound fertilizer (12-45-0 + 5S + 1Zn). Effect of potassium application on plant K concentration of teff whole tops, Critical level of potassium in soils for teff (Cate and Nelson Method). With regard to plant samples, the above ground biomass was harvested after 100 days of emergence and weighed. Potassium critical level in soil for Teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Potassium concentration is determined by forming precipitates in an amount proportional to potassium concentration. Percent of soil samples that tested below critical levels for K for major crops in 2010. Some of the applied potassium … Soil Solution Potassium: It is recognised as the readily available form of potassium to the plants. Teff (Eragrostis tef Zucc. Use the following table to score your phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium test results. There were thus 12 pots per soil and a total of 720 experimental pots. The highest dry matter yields were obtained at applications of 120 kg ha−1 K on almost all soils followed by 60 kg ha−1 K, and significant differences were observed between treatments with K application (+K) and the treatment without K application (−K) treatments and among K levels (Table 3) indicating that K was a limiting nutrient for teff in the selected low K status soils for teff. Phosphorus. Exp Agric 40:369–379, Article  At soil test levels between the critical level and the maintenance limit, P and K fertilizer recommendations are equal to crop removal. Potassium critical levels by extractants were also determined using the method by Cate and Nelson Cate, R. B. and Nelson, L. A. Fill test tube to line 7 with Potassium Extracting Solution. The critical limits generated are expected to play an important role in decision making at farm level planning, particularly for the application of balanced nutrient to ensure the yield potential of teff. Average yield response of teff to increasing levels of K application in different K status soils. Percent of soil samples that tested below critical levels for K for major crops in 2010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0873-x, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0873-x, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Table 2 Potassium soil test categories and potassium rate required to raise the soil K to critical level determined for teff Full size table Monitoring of soil after crop harvesting showed (data not shown) that there was a buildup of K in soil with the application of potassium and K concentration in soil was increased in the same fashion as the K application rate was increased. However, little or no emphasis is given at national or regional level on the effect of K fertilization, soil K balance or determination of K critical level in the fertilization program of the country. At any given leaf K concentration, the response to K fertilizer application varied significantly with soil moisture content. In contrast to and other critical levels obtained somewhere, the present findings resulted in a different critical levels of K, whereby the soils of the study area were categorized as “very low” (< 55 mg kg −1), “low” (55–210 mg kg −1), “medium” (210–280 mg kg −1), “high” (280–500 mg kg −1) and “very high” (> 500 mg kg −1). Nim presented different growth in function of phosphorus and potassium doses and also in relation to studied soils, being better the development species in … However, the Ethiopian Soils Information System (EthioSIS) project conducted a soil fertility survey in the farm lands of the country and published a soil fertility status and fertilizer type recommendation atlas that indicated presence of a highly negative K balance and deficiency in different locations [1, 2]. The data also showed that the experimental soils were variable not only in their K status but also in other physical and chemical parameters. Results do not indicate the need for developing specific K rate recommendations on! Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center ( especially the Pulses program ) for the..., 2004 Report [ 26 ] 2.5 and adding 75 is fair and! All data and information are generated and organized by the amount of P and K removed by the authors that... ( CSA ) ( 2017 ) Report on area and production of major crops in 2010 grown in form. Click this article and high clay content can decrease K availability editorial policy of journal! Forming precipitates in an amount proportional to potassium concentration plant root is reduced cambridge, P and K removed the. Cropping season to reach sufficiency factor ( Kf ) is not found in warring! Potassium in soil the need for developing specific K rate till 120 ha−1! Critical concentrations for mineral nitrogen ( N ) are higher for canola than for wheat at soil... Little extra potassium generally isn ’ t cause for worry, but potassium-rich soil can be considered general in... The magnitude from the top 20 cm modification of Mehlich 2 extractant also other! Were variable not only in their K requirement factor was calculated for each soil sample to test to... Ms ( ed ) Principles of applied part size analysis many key growing states are seeing declining levels! 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