Significant differences (P < 0.05) were also observed between both PPT and maize–bean and maize–groundnut systems. This insect pest was reported in Western Province in early 2020. Within leguminous crops intercropped with maize, levels of FAW infestation were relatively similar (65% bean, 74% soybean, and 64% groundnut) and differences were not significant (Table 2). According to a 1997 study by plant and crop experts, infestation during the mid to late whorl stage of maize development caused yield losses of up to between 15-73 percent when 55 percent of the plants were infested with the fall armyworm. Striga count was done from each maize sample through counting shoots of striga within the circumference of 94.2 cm. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account. Cutworms 8. Farmers’ fields from different selected districts were randomly sampled to compare farmer’s practices of maize legume intercropping with the PPT practice in controlling the FAW, stemborer, and striga. This represents a range of 21%-53% of the annual production of maize averaged over a three year period in these countries. Tomato moth caterpillar 4. Noteworthy the push–pull fields considered in this study were established in the previous seasons and both PPT and non PPT farmers planted their own maize seeds. As mentioned, Fall Armyworm Larvae hide deep in Maize funnel during the day and are active at night, it is important for growers to combine ESCORT 1.9 EC with specific adjuvants like INTEGRA that help in Wetting, Spreading, Penetrating and Sticking of spray solutions to leaf surfaces and onto difficulty to reach areas of foliage. Preliminary assessments estimate about US$2.5 to 6.2 billion losses to maize in 12 major maize growing countries in Africa due to FAW (CABI, 2017). CABI’s Plantwise advises for small‐scale farmers include handpicking, destroying egg masses and larvae, and putting sand mixed with lime or ash in the whorl of attacked maize to kill the larvae (CABI, 2017; Abrahams et al., 2017). They are usually present in large numbers and migrate together. Maize, Zea mays L. (Poaceae), is one of the most important grains in the world and its production is affected by various biotic and abiotic factors such as mineral nutrition (Gunes et al., 2007) [4] and attacked by defoliating insects like the Fall Armyworm, which is considered a severe maize pest in America (Tavares et al., 2010 [5] [6], Dalvi et al., 2011 [7], Silva et al. Fall armyworm resembles both armyworm and corn earworm, but fall armyworm has a white inverted "Y" mark on the front of the dark head. All the maize fields sampled including the push–pull fields used the same maize variety (local open‐pollinated maize Longe 5). Smith) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) 2 Duration of the egg stage is only two to three days during the summer months. Faced with onslaught of an invasive pest, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, detected first on maize crop in the Indian state of Karnataka in May 2018 threatened the major rainy season maize crop in the following months, and managing it required more of policy perspective. Intercropping of maize with leguminous crops also provided significant reduction of stemborer and FAW compared to mono‐cropped maize, especially in the early growth phases of the maize up to tasseling. The Fall Armyworm is an insect that can damage your maize plants or even cause you to lose your whole maize crop. With vast geographical coverage and diverse host ranges, FAW could be extremely devastating, particularly for smallholder farmers who are already struggling with cereal stemborers and the parasitic striga weed. As we tackle different challenges affecting cereal crops such as Maize, Wheat, Barley, Sorghum and Finger millet, we are very keen on challenges facing Maize farmers. Chilo borer 10. WordPress Download Manager - Best Download Management Plugin. This pest has been historically controlled with insecticide applications, but many cases of resistance have limited their efficacy. Chemical control options for Fall armyworm in maize Suzette Bezuidenhout and Archana Nunkumar Research & Technology 2016-17 09. This could be associated with the feeding behavior of FAW where the larvae feed in the whorl of maize that could prevent the stemborer larvae to bore inside. We encourage you to follow our next editions for more farming insights. Seedling and vegetative crops can recover from defoliation, particularly if the crop is growing rapidly. It is therefore crucial to identify environmentally friendly and cost‐effective strategy for the management of this pest. © 2021. Such effects need to be further investigated and confirmed. An outreach programme called SAFFAL (Safeguarding Agriculture and Farmers against Fall Armyworm) … 3). The combined effects of stemborer and striga could result in a complete crop failure. This indicates that PPT technology, practiced under conservation agriculture, is an added advantage, particularly at the first establishment phase of PPT where desmodium is just planted. 4). However, as the plant height increased, the infestation was similar to that in plots where tillage was practiced (All, 1988). An integrated approach, including improved agronomic practices, is necessary in order to … Grow Asia was invited by the ASEAN Secretariat to present the case for a regional approach to managing the Fall Armyworm (FAW), a pest that has severely affected maize crops. False armyworm 9. This might be a second line defense mechanism against FAW in areas where PPT is not yet integrated into the farming system. This study also provides for intercropping of maize with edible legumes as an alternative FAW management approach, if augmented with one or more integrated management strategies. The current study concurs with the stated findings where intercropped maize with leguminous crops resulted in a significantly lower FAW infestation, compared with mono‐cropped maize. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, © 2021 American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, Urban Agriculture & Regional Food Systems, Journal of Production Agriculture (1988–1999), I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use, Fall armyworm status impacts and control options in Africa: Preliminary evidence note, Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) infestations in no‐tillage cropping systems, Diversification of corn agroecosystems as a means of regulating fall armyworm populations, The need for an agroecological approach to pest management, Vegetation management and biological control in agroecosystems, Insect, weed and plant disease management in multiple cropping systems, Some influence of vegetational diversity on insect communities of Georgia soybean fields, Plant species diversity and pest control: A mini‐review, Effect of intercropping pattern on stem borer infestation in pearl millet (, Assessing the demand for insect resistant maize varieties in Kenya combining Participatory Rural Appraisal into a Geographic Information System, Participatory plant breeding and participatory plant genetic resource enhancement: An Africa‐wide exchange of experiences, Country fact sheet on food and agriculture policy trends, Briefing note on FAO actions on fall armyworm in Africa. Lesser armyworm 5. The survey was conducted in October 2017 on 36 maize farms in Uganda to evaluate the abundance and severity of FAW, stemborer, and striga infestation. There was no significant difference between conventional and climate‐smart PPT (Table 4). Outcomes of this study further confirms the findings of Midega et al. The recent occurrence of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) a new invasive pest in Africa, has escalated the problem. Next to that is an equally wide, wavy, yellow stripe, splotched with red. Field observations revealed that in the presence of FAW infestation, the damage due to stem borers is reduced considerably as indicated by only 3% of infested plants showing severe damage in mono‐cropped maize (Fig. Chat with Mkulima Smart today and have all your questions answered. The severity of infestation of the FAW was averaged at the farm level. All the districts receive a bi‐modal rainfall, with an average precipitation of 700 to 1200 mm. Agricultural crops bordered with other vegetation or weeds recorded more predators than did mono‐crops or crops without border vegetation (Murdoch, 1975; Altieri and Todd, 1981). 1). High infestations can lead to significant yield loss. Faced with onslaught of an invasive pest, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, detected first on maize crop in the Indian state of Karnataka in May 2018 threatened the major rainy season maize crop in the following months, and managing it required more of policy perspective. The current study provides tangible proofs that PPT technology can significantly reduce the FAW infestation in maize. Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions, and management practices of the new invasive pest, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Ethiopia and Kenya. Several studies have proved that intercropping often reduces pest infestation including FAW in the United States and increases the incidence of beneficial arthropods (Baliddawa, 1985; Altieri, 1980a, 1980b; Altieri and Letourneau, 1982; Risch et al., 1983; Trenbath, 1993). Apart from controlling striga and cereal stemborer and providing high‐quality fodder, a recent study proved that the technology controlled the newly introduced invasive pest, FAW in east Africa (Midega et al., 2018). Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a pest recently invading maize in India. The number of striga counted from mono‐cropped maize was higher than maize–soybean; maize–groundnut, and PPT where the difference was significant at P < 0.05. Significant differences at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 levels were recorded with maize–bean and maize–groundnut systems, respectively (Table 8). • Fall Armyworm (FAW) in Africa has the potential to cause maize yield losses in a range from 8.3 to 20.6m tonnes per annum, in the absence of any control methods, in just 12 of Africa’s maize-producing countries. Use the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. One‐way analysis of variance was used to test for differences in average severity of infestation, as well as an average number of striga count for the different maize intercrops, and Tukey post hoc multiple comparison tests were used to make a comparison between the different intercrops. That’s the only way we can improve. However, if striga and cereal stem borers are among the limiting factors, PPT technology provides the best protection. In collaboration with international and national research and development partners, Feed the Future developed this Fall Armyworm Technical Guide to share the latest protocols related to integrated pest management to control this pest. It was detected in the Torres Strait and North Queensland in January/February 2020, and Katherine, NT and Kununurra, WA in March 2020. Differences were significant (P < 0.05) compared with maize–bean and maize–groundnut (Table 3). The severity of maize stem borer infestation was also least in both PPT technologies, compared with the rest and differences were highly significant at P < 0.001 level (Table 9). It is found in several countries such as Brazil, Argentina and USA causing economic losses in a variety of crops such as maize, soybean , cotton and beans. The pest is expected to continue to move southwards. It is well established that populations of insect pests are smaller in diverse ecosystems or intercrops (Perrin and Phillips, 1978; Risch, 1979; Degri et al., 2014). As mentioned, Fall Armyworm Larvae hide deep in Maize funnel during the day and are active at night, it is important for growers to combine ESCORT 1.9 EC with specific adjuvants like INTEGRA that help in Wetting, Spreading, Penetrating and Sticking of spray solutions to leaf surfaces and onto difficulty to reach areas of foliage. There was slight variation in the level of FAW infestation on maize intercropped with leguminous crops; nevertheless, differences were not significant (Table 4). The sampled fields are those with an even distribution of population of maize and the legume intercrop. This diagram illustrates the lifecycle, showing where the Fall armyworm is usually found on maize plants at any given stage. Updated: 6 April 2020 Since 2016, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) has been spreading quickly globally and was expected to impact Australia. Maize ranks first among cereal crops grown worldwide, and in Africa alone, the lives of more than 300 million people depend on it. A systematic random sampling method was considered for selecting maize samples from the assigned plots. • Evaluating effects of edible legume and maize intercropping on fall armyworm. Zimbabwe. Some key features making Fall armyworm a major pest and that every grower should note include. For example, highly significant (P < 0.001) differences were observed between PPTs and mono‐cropped maize (Table 4). Abstract. With the presence of any of the stages, we recommend use of ESCORT 1.9 EC at a rate of 15ML in 20 LTRS OF WATER mixed with INTEGRA at a rate of 3ML in 20LTR OF WATER. This study was made possible due to the grant obtained from DFID and Biovision for PPT dissemination. In East Africa, losses in cereal grain yields due to stemborers range from 44 to 50% (Robert et al., 2014). Maize infested by striga included maize plants with visible striga and maize that exhibited infestation symptoms even when striga was not visible. The production of maize is constrained by biotic and abiotic factors. The survey was conducted in six districts of Uganda where ICIPE is promoting PPT technology to control maize stemborer and the parasitic weed striga. Determining effective and environmentally friendly fall armyworm management for smallholder farmers. The damage to leaves, the whorl and cobs, is similar to damage caused by Helicoverpa armigera and common armyworm. A climate‐adapted push‐pull system effectively controls fall armyworm, Climate‐adapted companion cropping increases agricultural productivity in East Africa, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Agriculture for Food and Income Security. This also supports the findings of Altieri (1980a, 1980b) in Colombia, who observed corn–bean polycultures with natural weeds complex, significantly decreased FAW incidence and enhanced parasitism and yield. FAW prefers to infest maize, a dietary staple for more than 200 million people in sub-Saharan Africa, but also feeds on a wide range … Strategic long‐term funding provided to icipe by UK Aid from the UK Government, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Germany, and the Kenyan Government. Maize (Zea mays L.) production in Africa is constrained by several biotic and abiotic factors.The recent occurrence of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) a new invasive pest in Africa, has escalated the problem. Hence this study focused to compare the effects of selected maize‐edible legume intercropping systems and PPT on the abundance and infestation severity of FAW, cereal stemborer and striga weed in Uganda. ©MarlinE.Rice 3. Push–pull technology (PPT), proven to be effective for stemborers (Chilo partellus Swinhoe and Busseola fusca Fuller) and the parasitic weed striga (Striga hermontica Delile) management in Africa has been shown to provide good control of FAW. Fall armyworm has four dark spots arranged in a square on top of the eighth abdominal segment. Fall armyworm (FAW) is major pest of maize (corn), sugarcane and rice. There was no significant difference in FAW infestation between climate‐smart and conventional PPT. Always read the label and product information before use. The districts include: Bugiri, Bukedea, Busia, Iganga, Pallisa, and Tororo (Fig. Fall Armyworm Management by Maize Smallholders in Malawi: An Integrated Pest Management Strategic Plan. 3 engagement of the farmers. Climate‐smart PPT showed highly significant difference (P < 0.001), when compared with maize–soybean followed by maize–bean (P < 0.01) and maize–groundnut (P < 0.05). Striga count was significantly higher in maize intercropped with bean compared with all the treatments (Table 11). In this article, I will discuss important aspects of the fall armyworm’s life cycle, how to scout it and measures that can be used to control the pest. ‘Greenleaf’) and brachiaria (Brachiaria ruziziensis ´ B. decumbens ´ B. brizantha ‘Mulato II’), is planted around the farm providing similar protection as the conventional PPT (Khan and Pickett, 2004). Maize occupies 24% of the farmland (Okweche et al., 2013; Shiferaw et al., 2011; International Plant Biotechnology Outreach, 2017). Maize crops are falling prey to the deadly Fall Armyworm (FAW) in Bihar, India’s third-largest corn producer. No significant difference was recorded among the treatments with the three leguminous crops. Photo: Fall armyworm. Regional management of the fall armyworm—a realistic approach? On each side of their bodies and next to the yellow lines is a wider dark stripe. Other Spodoptera species already found in Australia include the lawn armyworm and the dayfeeding armyworm. Monitoring the severity of stemborer damage through the foliar symptoms and availability of exit holes showed very little damage in the PPT field, followed by maize intercropped with leguminous crops (Fig. He made sure that he procures the correct chemicals to protect his crop. Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a dangerous transboundary insect with a high potential to spread rapidly due to its natural distribution capacity and opportunities presented by international trade.FAW represents a real threat to food security and livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers. Fall Armyworm: Life cycle and damage to Maize … While both conventional and climate‐smart PPTs were effective in the management of major pest complexes of maize including FAW, maize intercropped with leguminous crops also performed considerably better than the mono‐cropped maize in most cases. The fall armyworm, an invasive insect-pest native to the Americas, has caused significant damage to maize crops in sub-Saharan Africa since its arrival to the region in 2016. cre Ideaso • Recommending complex maize pest management options for small-scale African farmers. According to agriculture experts, the fall armyworm, which was once common in the Americas, has been spreading through Africa and Asia since 2016, flying up to 100 km (60 miles) a night. The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) attacks around 100 species of plant but favors maize. Fall Armyworm Management by Maize Smallholders in Malawi: An Integrated Pest Management Strategic Plan. The Consultative Committee on Emergency Plant Pests, consisting of Co… Cumulative benefits of push–pull technology (PPT) in controlling pest complex of maize in Uganda. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a minor pest of corn in the United States. Although 40% of the maize plants showed infestation symptom in the climate‐smart PPT, severity of infestation was the lowest compared to all the treatments and differences were highly significant (P < 0.001) except conventional PPT (Table 7). Evaluating effects of edible legume and maize intercropping on fall armyworm. Conventional PPT also showed highly significant difference (P < 0.001) compared with maize–soybean followed by maize–bean (P < 0.01) and maize–groundnut (P < 0.01). In the recent years one of the key challenges facing Maize farming has been infestation of Maize crops by FALL ARMYWORM, an insect pest that is native of South, North and central America, recently spotted or introduced in Kenya causing unimaginable losses. There are officials reports of FAW attacks on maize crops from the districts of Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Saran and Sheohar, an official of the state agriculture department said. Moreover, differences between PPT technology and mono‐cropped maize were highly significant at P < 0.001 level (Table 8). It is a significant economic pest in the United States, causing substantial losses to maize, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], rice (Oryza sativa L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), groundnut as well as forage and turf grasses production (Sparks, 1979). Differences between maize intercropped with leguminous crops were not significant however; all the maize–leguminous crops performed better than mono‐cropped maize (Table 6). Identification. In this article, I will discuss important aspects of the fall armyworm’s life cycle, how to scout it and measures that can be used to control the pest. Agriculture Sector Development Strategy and Investment Plan: 2010/11‐2014/15, Developing Bt maize for resource–poor farmers–Recent advances in the IRMA project, Integratin of Repellents, attractants, and insecticides in a “push‐pull strategy for managing German cockroach (Dictyopera: Blattellidae) populations, Influence of maize row spacing on infestation and damage of intercropped beans by bean aphids (, Parameters, interrelationships with yield and use of carbofuran to control stem borers in maize (Zea Mays I.) 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