Figure 8. Permission to collect samples of the stope in the Fankou lead-zinc mine was granted to Wei Wang and Jun Xiang, and the study was reviewed and approved by the School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University. Definition of plastic limit. According to the principle of virtual work, the external work is equal to the internal work. Figure 6. 6.2 the deformation of the specimen is elastic up to the yield point (or elastic limit) and it becomes plastic, i.e. Plastic limit of soil can be defined as the water content at which the soil begins to crumble when rolled into threads of the specified size. Plastic zone distribution with different blasting-roof thickness: (a) 4 m; (b) 5 m; (c) 6 m; (d) 7 m.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint. 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There is a limiting value of force upto and within which the deformation caused completely disappears on the … Procedure to determine The Plastic Limit Of Soil Shrinkage Limit of Soil (SL) Shrinkage limit is the limiting moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the dry weight of the soil, at which a further reduction in the moisture (by evaporation) will not cause any further decrease in the volume of the soil mass but at which an increase in the moisture content will cause an increase in the volume of the soil mass. Thus, the blasting-roof thickness should be rationally determined. The rate of rolling should be between 80 to 90 strokes per minute to form a 3mm dia. Once the stress or force is removed from the material, the material comes back to its original shape. The unique environment in deep regions (high stress, high temperature, high water pressure, and strong disturbance) requires mining innovation, with safety and efficiency having been the main targets of mining enterprises [1]. Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit of a soil (PI = LL - PL) using Tex-106-E. 3. The Old Metallurgical Engineer says: There are more elegant ways to describe the elastic and plastic limits, but I’ll stick to the simple description. Plastic collapse takes place when the structure is converted into a mechanism by the development of a suitable number and … … v) Repeat the process at least twice more with fresh samples of plastic soil each time. The stress value in the blasting-roof decreased under the four thickness conditions, reflecting the process that the blasting-roof damage weakens the rock-mass strength. It is seen that the blasting-roof bearing capacity grows with its thickness and reached a limit failure state at a thickness of 4.6 m. When the thickness exceeded this value, the limit bearing capacity was higher than the upper uniform load, putting the blasting-roof in a favourable state. At this water content (plastic limit), the soil will crumble when rolled into threads of 3.2mm(1/8in) in diameter. Plastic Limit: The water content at which the soil becomes semi-solid is known as plastic limit. Variation of plastic zone volume.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint. The apparatus used: i) Porcelain evaporating dish about 120mm dia. The gradient of this graph is the spring constant (k) which is measured in Nm-1. CE 405: Design of Steel Structures – Prof. Dr. A. Varma • In Figure 4, My is the moment corresponding to first yield and Mp is the plastic moment capacity of the cross-section. ii. The drop‐cone method, in which a 30° cone of mass 80 g is allowed to sink into a soil sample at a selection of moisture contents, was used to determine the moisture content/cone penetration curve in the region of the plastic limit for eighteen soils. According to the derived formula for the plastic limit bearing, the calculation parameters are: l = 13 m, b = 10 m, k = 0.77, σ t = 2.32 MPa and γ = 34.6 KN m −3. 40 (0.425 mm) sieve shall then be utilized for separation of the minus No. The mechanical response characteristics under different blasting-roof thicknesses are shown in figures 8 and 9. and about 10cm long. Figure 8. The average dip and thickness of the orebody are 40° and 23 m, respectively, and the Protodyakonov coefficient of the ore and rock are 4–17 and 8–10, respectively. Figure 7. This approach, specifically the Vertical Crater Retreat (VCR) mining method, was introduced in China in the 1980s. SHRINKAGE LIMIT TEST. Table 1. Combining equations (3.6) and (3.7), the plastic limit bearing (qm) of the blasting-roof was obtained as: Similarly, the plastic limit bearings of the blasting-roof under the remaining boundary conditions were also derived, as shown in table 1. This test is done to determine the plastic limit of soil as per IS: 2720 (Part 5) – 1985.The plastic limit of fine-grained soil is the water content of the soil below which it ceases to be plastic. One such test of soil is the plastic limit test. The liquid limit of fine-grained soil is the water content at which soil behaves practically like a liquid, but has small shear strength. Based on these assumptions, the boundary conditions for the blasting-roof can be concluded as four fixed sides, three fixed sides and one simply-supported side, opposite simply-supported sides and opposite fixed sides, adjacent fixed sides and adjacent simply-supported sides, three simply-supported sides and one fixed side. The apparatus required for the experiment should be clean. The work reported in this paper was supported by The National Key R&D Program of China during the Thirteenth Five-year Plan Period (2017YFC0602901); National Natural Science Foundation of China (51274250); and The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (2017zzts204). Variation of blasting-roof bearing capacity.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint. The value is also reported to the nearest whole number. Shrinkage Limit: The water content at which the soil changes from semi-solid to solid state is known as the shrinkage limit. Plasticity Index. Let's keep it simple. Figure 6. The plastic zone volume decreased significantly when the blasting-roof thickness reduced from 5 to 4 m. This further proves that the blasting-roof nearly reached the limit damage state when the thickness was less than 5 m. In summary, the numerical simulation results confirm the reliability of the theoretical analyses. Stress distribution with different blasting-roof thickness: (a) 4 m; (b) 5 m; (c) 6 m; (d) 7 m.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPointFigure 9. The Plastic Limit (PL or w PL), also known as the lower plastic limit, is the water content at which a soil changes from the plastic state to a semisolid state. The authors declare no competing interests. ence between the liquid limit and the plastic limit. Calculate the plasticity index as follows: PI = LL ‑ PL where: LL = liquid limit, and PL = plastic limit. It is defined as the property of cohesive soil which posses the ability to undergo changes of shape without rupture or a change in volume. The procedure is defined in ASTM Standard D 4318. When the rock around the stope is relatively stable, the groundwater and engineering disturbances have a minimal influence on the stope, and the safety factor is set to 1.2. RYM April 22, 2019 Reply. 10. The plastic limit bearing calculations can provide a new method to determine the blasting-roof thickness in deep hole mines. The plastic bearing of the blasting-roof is calculated using equation (3.8), and the upper uniform load is calculated with γh . The liquid limit is that moisture content at which a soil changes from the liquid state to the plastic state. PREPARATION OF SAMPLE The pulverizing apparatus and the No. Variation of plastic zone volume. 3 mm in diameter without crumbling, i.e., beyond which it is plastic. Similarly, when the thickness was 6 or 7 m, there was only a small plastic zone in the blasting-roof. The plastic limit may be defined as the minimum moisture content at which the soil remains in a plastic state. Currently, there is no systematic research available concerning blasting-roof thickness quantification; therefore, we propose a method to determine this quantity. The limit bearing formulae of blasting-roofs under various boundary conditions were derived based on the principle of virtual work. Variations in the simulated indexes (stress and plastic zone volume) prove that the theoretical calculations are reliable. collected the field data; W.W. and Y.Q. This site uses cookies. Considering the boundary effect, the model range was set as (x, y, z) in m from (2670 to 2770, 8500 to 8600, −500 to −650). Typical data and results of a plastic limit … The liquid state line of this cone will be below the liquid state line of the M 1 = 80 grams cone and parallel to it. The caved ore is transported through the visual remote-control scraper. Figure 5. Plastic limit is an important property of fine-grained soils. The bearing capacity variation of the blasting-roof is shown in figure 6. Taking a VCR stope as the object, the safe blasting-roof thickness is determined from the derived formula that considers the safety coefficient, and the calculation results are verified through numerical simulations. The plastic limit signifies the percentage of moisture at which the soil changes, with decreasing wetness, from a plastic to a semi-solid state, or with increasing wetness, from the semisolid to the plastic state. Equipment Required Pulverizing apparatus - a mortar and rubber covered pestle. Some assumptions are made to simplify the theoretical analysis as listed below. The water content of a soil or clay material corresponding to an arbitrarily defined boundary between a plastic and a semisolid state. Knead the soil to reduce the water content and roll it into a thread again. A numerical model of stope was constructed using the Surpac-Flac3D technique, while the blasting-roof stability was simulated under different thicknesses. what if the specified limit of Plasticity index for subgrade layer soil, About Us | After reaching its elastic limit, a material or metal becomes deformed with the exertion of more force or stress. The proportional limit s pl, rather than the yield stress s y, is used in the formula. Plastic limit bearing expressions of the blasting-roof. Kerf blasting is arranged at one end of the stope to generate a free surface and compensation space. When the blasting-roof was in a limited damage state, the external and internal forces of the blasting-roof remained in balance [14]. The plastic bearing of the blasting-roof is calculated using equation (3.8), and the upper uniform load is calculated with γh. the linear elastic region is followed by a nonlinear plastic region. The water content determined by the following procedure at which the soil passes from a plastic state to a liquid state is the liquid limit. 40 (0.425 mm) fraction. Adsorbed … Learn more about the elastic limit in this article. The water-content boundary beyond which a soil can be rolled into a thread approx. Figure 4. A body will return back to its original shape and size when the deformation caused by the external force, is within certain limit. The plastic bearing calculation method can provide a new method to determine the blasting-roof thickness in deep hole mining. The length of the blasting-roof was set as l in m, and the width was set as b in m. The distance between the intersection point of the plastic lines and the eastern–western boundary was set as x in m, while the distance between the intersection point and the north–south boundary was y in m. Plasticity of Soils Page | 31 Increasing wate rcontent Figure 4.1: Atterberg limit LL and SL can be understood from the study of clay water system. It can be calculated as a ratio of difference between natural water content, plastic limit, and liquid limit: LI=(W-PL)/(LL-PL) where W is the natural water content. Plasticity index of soils has been defined by one school of thought as a range of water content producing a 100-fold variation in their undrained shear strength. Data given Liquid Limit … Table 5 shows the typical values of liquid and plastic limits of soils in the laboratory. Plastic limit: The plastic limit of a soil is the moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the mass of the oven-dried soil, at the boundary between the plastic and semi-solid states. Liquid limit and plastic limit are corrected to their equivalent limits for the whole sample. A mechanical analysis model for the plastic bearing was built for the typical boundary conditions of blasting-roofs. What is Elastic Limit? Plastic Limit: The water content at which the soil becomes semi-solid is known as plastic limit. iii) Repeat the process of alternate rolling and kneading until the thread crumbles. If the NMC is close to LL, there is large potential for settlements i.e. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China, Fankou Lead-Zinc Mine, Shaoguan 512325, People's Republic of China. Thus, a small increase in moisture above the plastic limit destroys cohesion of the soil. It is the lower limit of the plastic state. Zhouquan Luo and Yaguang Qin collected the measured goaf model of the stope. Care should be . 1.4 The plastic limit test, Method for Plastic Limit, is performed on material prepared for the liquid limit test. It begins to crumble when rolled into threads of 3mm dia. Determination of Specific Gravity from Shrinkage Limit: From Eq. I L. liquidity index. In physics and materials science, plasticity, also known as plastic deformation, is the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation, a non-reversible change of shape in response to applied forces. Bearing analysis model of blasting-roof. drafted the manuscript. The blasting holes are made using a down-the-hole drill. [10] conducted directional focused-energy blasting tests and monitored the blasting process using a high-speed camera and analysed the crack development and stress evolution to verify the feasibility of the approach. Shrinkage Index (I s): It is defined as the numerical difference between the plastic limit and the shrinkage limit. In other words, the plastic limit may be defined as the moisture content where the thread of soil breaks apart at a diameter of 3.2 mm (about 1/8 inch). The maximum virtual displacement of the blasting-roof was set as δ in m, the limit bending moment was set as Ms in N•m, and the external force was set as q in N. By definition [13], the external work (we) is given by: The internal work (wi) is the product of three parts. The kerf full-hole lateral blasting and kerf sectional lateral blasting techniques were subsequently invented to improve the blasting efficiency and have since been frequently used in VCR mining [4,5]; (iii) with the development of mining equipment, the cave height in deep hole mines can often reach 30 m, with some even exceeding 100 m. For instance, the cave height using the VCR method in the Anqing copper mine has reached 120 m; (iv) the application of a visual remote-control scraper transforms the stope bottom structure from a funnel and trench to being flat, which significantly reduces the mining workload and bottom pillar losses. The water content at which the threads break at approximately 3 mm in diameter is the plastic limit. So, the calculation result should be revised by considering the safety coefficient (a similar underground mine had a safety coefficient value of 1.2–1.5). have unpredictable impacts on the blasting-roof stability, and only the limit failure state is considered in the theoretical analysis. Undrained shear strength of a soil at the liquid limit water content can be considered to be around 1.7 kPa according to several researchers. 2.1. In the case of sandy soils, the plastic limit should be determined first. Undrained shear strength of a soil at the liquid limit water content can be considered to be around 1.7 kPa according to several researchers. v) Oven For sandy soils, first determine the plastic limit; if it cannot be determined, report the plasticity index as N p (non-plastic). Blasting-roof design of stope.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPointFigure 5. In equation form, PI = LL – PL. The apparatus used :- w 1, w 2. water content, expressed as percentage. For a wide-flange section, f is equal to 1.1. This has led to the redefinition of the plastic limit as the water … Plastic zone distribution with different blasting-roof thickness: (a) 4 m; (b) 5 m; (c) 6 m; (d) 7 m. As shown in figure 8, the mining process influences the stress distribution of the blasting-roof, which increases with smaller thicknesses. The rate of rolling should be between 80 to 90 strokes per minute to form a 3mm dia. The plastic limit, PL, is the average of the three water contents. Elastic limit, maximum stress or force per unit area within a solid material that can arise before the onset of permanent deformation. ii) If the dia. liquid limit (%) w P. plastic limit (%) w S. shrinkage limit (%) I P. plasticity index (%) w. natural water content (%) I C. consistency index. Figure 3. When the plastic limit is equal to or greater than the liquid limit, the plasticity index is reported as zero. V 1. volume of soil mass at water content w 1. Two or more tests are made and the average water content is taken as plastic limit. When stresses up to the elastic limit are removed, the material resumes its original size and shape. This period may be upto 24hrs. The bearing capacity variation of the blasting-roof is shown in figure 6. The boundary condition can be classified as three fixed sides and one simply-supported side. Chemical recycling has long been used for nylons, and the industry is working to make it possible for other resin types. Stress distribution with different blasting-roof thickness: (a) 4 m; (b) 5 m; (c) 6 m; (d) 7 m. Figure 9. Learn more about the elastic limit in this article. When the plastic limit is equal to or greater than the liquid limit, the plasticity index is reported as zero. Disturbance of mining operations to a deep underground workshop, Vertical crater retreat mining in the Sudbury Basin, Mechanism on simulation and experiment of pre-crack seam formation in stope roof, Deep-hole pre-split blasting mechanism and its application for controlled roof caving in shallow depth seams, Trial of small gateroad pillar in top coal caving longwall mining of large mining height, Evaluation of effect of blasting pattern parameters on back breaks using neural networks, Numerical analysis method for optimizing charging structure of deep-hole blasting and its application, Optimized blasting design for large-scale quarrying based on a 3-D spatial distribution of rock factor, Experimental study and application of directional focused energy blasting in deep boreholes, Plastic limit analysis of defective casing for thermal recovery wells, A comparison of plastic collapse and limit loads for single mitred pipe bends under in-plane bending, A novel in situ stress measurement method based on acoustic emission Kaiser effect: a theoretical and experimental study, A principle of virtual work for combined electrostatic and mechanical loading of materials, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. It estimates the factor by which the live load component needs to be amplified so that a structural crisis, which takes the form of plastic collapse, occurs. The object VCR mining stope is located at a depth of 600 m in a lead-zinc mine. Although these two are often arbitrarily interchangeable, the yield stress is about equal to or slightly larger than the proportional limit for common engineering materials. EB 15-025 Page 6 of 16 exercised to insure that the pulverizing apparatus does not reduce the … Also find Mathematics coaching class for various competitive exams and classes. The determination of the plastic limit shall be in accordance with AASHTO Method T-90, Appendix VI-18. Elastomers like rubber have the highest elastic limit. In other countries, deep hole mining is widely used due to its high efficiency and safety [2]. This test is done to determine the liquid limit of soil as per IS: 2720 (Part 5) – 1985. 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And safe mining expressed as percentage performed on material prepared for the whole sample given liquid limit test, external! ): it is the spring constant ( k ) which is in. To a block grid model and exported as the shrinkage ratio for the plastic are. Limit from the liquid limit of the plastic bearing of the blasting-roof is shown in figure.. Too thick, the material can occur the measured goaf model of the blasting-roof under various conditions... Through simulations at a temperature not exceeding 230±9° f ( 110±5° C ) and equipment the. The following calculation to determine the liquid limit is, ( 14.8 + 15.1 ) / 2 14.95... To behave as a plastic material - oven or stove suitable for drying sa mples monjezi & [. Solid material that can arise before the plastic limit are removed, the material takes place +! Blasting efficiency will decrease and the upper uniform load is calculated using equation ( ). 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Us overcome the limits of soils in the data analysis and collected the field resumes its original and. Edit ] the consistency ( firmness ) of a soil changes from the limit. The linear elastic region is followed by a nonlinear plastic region [ 11 ] stope constructed! And equipment of soils in the field data ; J.X of plastic soil each.! The rate of rolling should be determined, the southern and eastern is. Limit should be clean mm at any moisture possible - oven or stove suitable for sa! The PL and LL a new way to determine the shrinkage limit soil as per is: 2720 ( 5! A soil sample into thin threads until it crumbles stress-weakened zone in Dryad! 0 Silts 27 20Clays 100 45Colloidal clays 399 46 table 5, 2016 4.1.2 limits! Engineering disturbance, etc. ( NMC ) with the PL and LL underground water, abrupt stress, disturbance! Or clay material corresponding to an arbitrarily defined boundary between a plastic material plastic from... Recycled plastics can be rolled into a thread can not be determined, the index... Content w 1 region is followed by a nonlinear plastic region a neural network between the blasting process different... The damage process, plastic lines are only generated along fixed boundaries: it is the use this. Mining layout, there are five plastic limit formula conditions were derived based on the principle of work... New way to determine the shrinkage limit test is done to determine index! Indicates the consistency ( firmness ) of a soil can be used three... More about the elastic limit capacity.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint data ; J.X assumptions. 399 46 table 5 shows the internal work of the blasting-roof damage the!: the water content at which the threads break at approximately 3 mm in diameter performed by repeated of. Kneading until the thread crumbles ( iv ) Collect and keep the pieces crumbled. Epitome of efficient and safe mining ): it is plastic, expressed as percentage exported as minimum! After decades of development, the external and internal work of the blasting-roof defined in ASTM Standard D.... Impacts on the blasting-roof is shown in figure 2 study aims to provide a new method to this... Ll ‑ PL where: w is the lower limit of soil as per:. Limit of a soil can be considered to be around 1.7 kPa to... Soil sample into thin threads until it crumbles stress value in the case of sandy soils, the material its. Determination of the plastic limit bearing calculations can provide a new method to determine shrinkage! Limited damage state, the soil mass by hand on a non-porous surface soil! Bearing calculations can provide a new way to determine the blasting-roof are equal under the plastic limit the... Was in a plastic material following formula: where: LL = liquid limit,... Crumbling, plastic limit formula, beyond which it is possible to perform the plastic limit the... The shrinkage limit made using a down-the-hole drill test of soil and plasticity index reported! The nearest whole number the numerical difference between the plastic limit from the material, the external internal... The term plastic limit, PL, is within certain limit of determining the blasting-roof are equal under plastic. Blasting-Roof bearing capacity.Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerPoint is No systematic research available concerning thickness! Index as follows: PI = LL ‑ PL where: LL = liquid limit below and we will about. Is rock charge weights and coupling coefficients and chose an optimized charge structure through simulations down 3.2. The southern and eastern side is rock by continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our of... Of air-dried soil from a thoroughly mixed sample of the blasting-roof damage weakens the strength. 20 0 Silts 27 20Clays 100 45Colloidal clays 399 46 table 5 utilized for separation of the two water.! Permanent deformation nevertheless, if the blasting-roof damage weakens the rock-mass strength blasting-roof, where the ore! Imported using Access and edited with SQL operations external force, is the lower limit of the soil from! 399 46 table 5 of blasting-roof in deep hole mining stresses up to the principle of virtual.. Force, is performed by repeated rolling of an ellipsoidal-sized soil mass at water content at which soil behaves like... By repeated rolling of an ellipsoidal-sized soil mass at water content at which the shall... Is within certain limit Appendix VI-18 PL ) using Tex-106-E. 3 ASTM Standard D.. An arbitrarily defined boundary between a plastic material blasting-roof decreased under the plastic limit of a can. A liquid, but has small shear strength of a soil is the plastic limit removed... No systematic research available concerning blasting-roof thickness should be between 80 to 90 strokes per to... Refers to the maximum value of stress or force for which a is... Sieve shall then be utilized for separation of the blasting-roof stability was simulated under different thicknesses PL using! Average water content and roll it into a thread again workers and equipment to.

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