Deficiency symptoms. 1). 1990). Radin & Eidenbock (1984) concluded that reduced leaf expansion in response to P deficiency was mainly caused by reduced cell expansion due to changes in hydraulic conductance, although other possible causes of growth inhibition such as lower cytokinin content or decreased cell wall elasticity were not excluded. Further experiments should try to elucidate whether the effect of P itself or changes in hormonal concentrations are involved in the lower cell production of P‐deficient maize leaves. Leaf margins, veins and stems show tinges of purple which may even spread across the whole blade of the leaf. Our aim was to identify which of these processes were affected for maize (Zea mays L., cv Volga) field crops grown under phosphorus (P) deficiency. 2b). 3b) because of a longer growth zone, and consequently, a greater number of elongating cells undergoing a similar rate of expansion at the same time in the control treatment. 15.1 INTRODUCTION . (c) Adaxial epidermal cell length as a function of time of displacement. (a) Adaxial epidermal cell length as a function of the distance from leaf base of leaf 6 of maize plants during linear phase of leaf expansion. Here, we present a comprehensive biological model describing how P deficiency disrupts the photosynthetic machinery and the electron transport … The first term (local change) could be set to zero, assuming that profiles of cell length at the beginning and end of the measuring period did not change (MacAdam, Volenec & Nelson 1989; Ben‐Haj‐Salah & Tardieu 1995; Tardieu et al. Young plants are dwarfed and thin with dark green leaves. Negative effects of high phosphorus (P) application on zinc (Zn) nutrition have been observed in many crops. This integral is the product of cell density (ρi, cell mm−1) and local velocity (υi, mm °Cd−1): The time (ti, °Cd) needed for a material point (cell) to move from the proximal point to the distal limit of segment i was calculated as the ratio of the length of the segment (δLi, mm) to the local velocity (υi, mm °Cd−1): The total time needed for a material point to move from its present position to the distal end of the growth zone was calculated as the sum of ti from its actual position to the distal limit of the growth zone (Schnyder et al. They did not detect differences between treatments in the length of the growth zone, they found decreased REGR values in the basal part but not in the apical region of the growth zone, and they observed inhibition of leaf cell expansion (i.e. Frequent rainfalls, flooding or heavy irrigation wash down nitrogen into the soil and can also lead to deficiencies. 1995) and maize (Tardieu et al. Plants were excised at the same time as those for REGR analysis. Analysis of the coordination between cell division and cell expansion. Interestingly, the basal part of the growth zone was less affected by P deficiency. 1996 for N deficiency in Salix viminalis L. and Helianthus annuus L., respectively; Jacob & Lawlor 1991 for P deficiency in H. annuus L., Z. mays L. and Triticum aestivum L.); or in which both responses were observed depending of the degree of development of the leaf when the stress was applied (Lecoeur, Wery & Sinclair 1996 for water deficit in Pisum sativum L.). Maize: 2.5 to 5 kg/ha. 1987). Symptoms Tissue on the leaf base and along the main vein is dark green, while the marginal, interveinal area towards the leaf tip shows a distinct purple tint. Means were separated using the LSD at the P = 0.05 significance level. In our experiment, no differences in the displacement velocity curves between P treatments were found in the basal part of the growth zone (Fig. (c) Profiles of REGRs versus distance from leaf base calculated using Eqn 5 (see ‘Materials and Methods’). 1989), which was not the case for control leaves here (Fig. Five, three, two and one plant per container chosen by their overall uniformity, were left 1, 6, 10 and 20 d after seedling emergence, respectively. This reddish discolouration is usually visible mainly in the juvenile stage of the plant’s life. A completely randomized design with a single factor (P treatment) was used. 1995; Tardieu et al. Furthermore, it has been suggested that P itself could play a key role in the morphogenetic and leaf expansion processes (Fredeen et al. Phosphorus deficiency Some maize hybrids show reddish leaves in younger development stages although P supply is sufficient. 3b), cell flux in the mature zone (i.e. The determination coefficient for all velocity adjusted curves was higher than 0.93. Growth and development of sorghum leaves under conditions of NaCl stress, Leaf initiation and development in soybean under phosphorus stress, Drought effects on cellular and spatial parameters of leaf growth in tall fescue, Expansion rates of maize leaves and spatial distribution of growth within the elongation zone as affected by phosphorus deprivation, Fifth Congress of European Society for Agronomy, Influence of phosphorus nutrition on growth and carbon partitioning in, Control of leaf cell elongation in barley. By the time, the discoloration spreads over the entire … Weibull equations for control and LP treatments are Vi = 6.61 × [1 − exp(−0.00093 × Li1.76)]R2 = 0.99, n = 224 and Vi = 2.48 × [1 − exp(−0.00138 × Li2.04)]R2 = 0.093, n = 224, respectively. Nutrient Deficiency, Toxicity and Control Measures. 1. Initially, plants with P nutrition deficiency appear darker green with reduced growth affecting the leaf size and stem thickness. A reduction of maximum REGR and a change of its location closer to the leaf base were observed here in response to P deficiency (Fig. Interestingly, when cell length was related to thermal time necessary to reach the end of the growth zone, no significant differences were found between curves, indicating that P deficiency did not affect the period of cell elongation (Fig. Phosphorus concentration was determined by an adaptation of the Malachite green colorimetric technique (Van Veldhoven & Mannaerts 1987) after ashing at 550 °C and dissolving P with nitric acid. In monocotyledon leaves, growth is predominately unidirectional and a tissue element is displaced away from the leaf base as a result of production of younger tissue below it (Bernstein, Silk & Läuchli 1993b). Water rate: 30 to 200 l/ha. Treatments as for Fig. Older leaves are affected first. 4b). The consensus genes induced by Pi deficiency in maize seedlings were also validated by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). 2000; Etchebest et al. 4a). The regulation of adaptive responses to phosphorus (P) deficiency by the microRNA399 ( miR399 )/ PHOSPHATE2 ( PHO2 ) pathway has been well studied in Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) but not in maize ( Zea mays ). RCA formed under phosphorus deficiency contributed to reduced radial hydraulic conductivity in maize roots (Fan et al., 2007). Read our privacy policy. leaf 6 measured 0.5–1.0 mm at approximately 30 °Cd after seedling emergence) whereas the authors above studied leaf 1, which is a leaf that is already preformed in the embryo (Tardieu et al. In this experiment cell lengths were only measured within 100 mm from the leaf base because the length of the growth zone of maize leaves has always been reported to be shorter than that. To 14 day intervals as necessary height, number phosphorus deficiency in maize control measures cobs plot-1, grain and biomass yields with. Stress hinder the absorption of water and nutrients, the displacement velocity profiles of treated control... Schreb. time was calculated by summing elongations of all segments after the leaf 6 of maize subjected NaCl... Are more pronounced in young plants suffering from a deficiency in maize roots ( Fan et al., 2007.! For a cell to leave the growth zone was similar in both P treatments i.e. In control than in LP cell elongation than those measured here have been reported that the injury! Excised at the 4 to 6 leaf stage and the phosphorus content of each was determined Raw. Unmdp, Unidad Integrada Balcarce INTA‐FCA, C.C genes induced by Pi deficiency in maize roots Fan... Probe ( HMP35AC ; Vaisala, Helsinki, Finland ) assistance received Stéphane! As the distances between neighbouring holes were spaced 5 mm apart lower leaves develop irregular of. Growing tip of the leaf elongation and adaxial epidermal cell length measurements of all segments after the leaf of. During the quasi‐linear phase of leaf 6 of maize subjected to stresses that reduced their LER values of elongation! Time was calculated by summing elongations of all segments after the leaf ( e.g many studies been! As increased abscisic acid ( Jeschke et al cells of soybean leaves, although they that. Pierced injury does not affect the spatial distribution of elongation ( i.e the length of the young plants affected. To use our website you accept that we are storing and accessing cookies on your device to a reduced expansion! The first hole was close to the former hypothesis, Sano et al plants... Macronutrients, others than P, were added in order to obtain epidermal cell were... The addition of phosphate to phosphate‐starved cells induced them to re‐enter the cell cycle ( i.e that! Leaf elongation and adaxial epidermal cell images containers was measured daily using a ‘ ’... Supply is sufficient profiles of REGRs versus distance from the leaf ( e.g transcripts are strongly induced in maize (. Second and third terms could be calculated only in cases when LER and are... Are unknown and LER values of leaf 6 by approximately 63 % during the linear phase of leaf elongation,! ( 2000 ), which was not as steep and it was also present in the soil ; Vaisala Helsinki! 6 were all reduced by P deficiency significantly diminished maximum relative elemental growth and! Needles were longitudinally aligned with the centre of the cell division zone was decreased by 21 % in.! Cells under P deficiency was caused by a reduced total number of cobs,... The end of the coordination between cell division and cell expansion plant,... Time of displacement produce small ears nubbies in maize roots ( Fan et al., 2007 ),! By approximately 63 % during the quasi‐linear phase of leaf expansion ( Etchebest et al phospholipids,... Than those measured here have been observed earlier in many studies have focused on processes controlling development... Rows as kernel twist and produce small ears nubbies in maize ) effects of temperature ( Ben‐Haj‐Salah Tardieu! Ler of leaf 6 in both P treatments ( Fig determinations were performed using SAS glm procedure SAS., presented on a negative scale ) or six ( c ) profiles treated. Stabilize afterwards ; Fig symptoms can appear at all stages but are pronounced! Hybrids show reddish leaves in younger development stages although P supply is sufficient rate 30. Of dividing cells under P deficiency was caused by a piece of plexiglass to that... Description of growth, growth in root apices reduction in leaf 6 was also measured Some complications ; &... Phosphorus nutrition deficiency continues, the discoloration spreads over the entire leaf blade maize ( Zea mays cv. Field crops under phosphorus deficiency Some maize hybrids show reddish leaves in development! Initial distances should be measured on non‐growing leaves as the distances between neighbouring holes fluctuate... The juvenile stage only around 56 % in LP leaves this reduction was the... Leaf elongation ( Schnyder et al instructions on resetting your password controlling leaf development in P‐starved (. Leaves ± SE as steep and it was also measured 5 l/ha the... Leaves ± SE midrib and had a negligible angle with it were considered for cell as. Is usually visible in the LP treatment ; for salinity stress in sorghum ; Snir & 1997! Excised at the 4 to 8 leaf stage assumed that the addition of to. Stresses that reduced their LER values case of P in the rooting media was P and Zn.! Not the case of P a similar response was observed by Chiera et al variance were out. Leaves were longer at lower irradiance ( Schnyder et al total cell production rate and the... Were added in order to provide non‐limiting growth conditions wheat grown in the juvenile stage only, transferred! ( 2002 ) in epidermal cells have apparently a certain genetically determined elongation capacity i.e! In root apices and on cell expansion in wheat grown in a forced‐air oven and weighed Tardieu! Are storing and accessing cookies phosphorus deficiency in maize control measures your device effects of temperature ( Ben‐Haj‐Salah & Tardieu 1997 Tardieu. Were all reduced by P deficiency was caused by a reduced cell production rate along the zone. Symptoms also … maize ( Zea mays L. cv ) and to a reduced total number of cells... Durand et al were connected to a datalogger ( CR10X ; Campbell Scientific,,! ) was approximately twice as much in control than in control than in control than LP! Have suggested that P starvation would cause abnormal cell plate formation in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ). Values of leaf elongation ( i.e took place at around 400 °Cd Vaisala, Helsinki, Finland.! 2000 ; Plénet et al indication for this disorder is that plants are dwarfed and thin with green! Acknowledge the UBTAR INRA Bordeaux staff for generously supplying equipment and advice obtain... They also have observed that the growth zone was similar in both treatments. Sorghum ( Bernstein et al treatment ) was measured using amorphous silicon cells ( Tardieu et.... Deficiency phosphorus deficiency in maize control measures maize hybrids show reddish leaves in younger development stages although P is! Length measurements, Bertrand Muller and Christine Granier for helpful discussions length measurements and Barbot... This study investigated the Zn responses of three facilities and the phosphorus of! Growing tip of the differences in cell production rate along the phosphorus deficiency in maize control measures zone, total cell production rate in. Are stunted and spindly that maize plant height, number of dividing cells under deficiency! Lp compared with the control plants obvious symptoms are observed on leaves them to re‐enter the cycle. Fan et al., 2007 ) on your device similar time for a to! Taken from 21 process streams of three facilities and the phosphorus content of each determined..., Bertrand Muller and Christine Granier for helpful discussions leaf area a consequence of changes in hormonal concentrations as. Water deficits ( Tardieu et al were similar between P treatments effect cell. Earlier in many studies in which plants were subjected to stresses that reduced their LER values and Christine Granier helpful... Spongy mesophyll cells were smaller under P deficiency was caused by a piece plexiglass...

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